Quick answer: Crewel embroidery is a type of surface embroidery worked with wool thread (called crewel wool) instead of cotton floss. It is traditionally stitched on sturdy linen or cotton twill. Crewel designs usually feature flowing, stylized plants, flowers, vines and animals, filled with textured stitches like long-and-short, stem, chain and satin stitch. The technique dates back more than 1,000 years and is famous for its rich, raised, textured look.
Crewel work is one of the oldest and most recognizable forms of embroidery, and it's enjoying a modern revival on cushions, wall hoops and clothing. Here's what crewel embroidery is, how it differs from regular embroidery, and how to get started.
What Does "Crewel" Mean?
"Crewel" refers to the thin, two-ply worsted wool yarn used for this style of embroidery. The word likely comes from an old term for a twisted yarn. Because the technique is defined by the thread, any design stitched in crewel wool is considered crewel embroidery.
A Short History of Crewel Embroidery
Crewel work has been practiced for over a thousand years. The 11th-century Bayeux Tapestry is actually stitched in wool on linen, an early example of crewel-style embroidery. Crewel reached its peak in 17th-century England with "Jacobean" designs of exotic, curling leaves, flowers and birds used on bed hangings and curtains. Colonial American embroiderers later adapted the style with lighter, simpler designs.
Crewel vs. Regular Embroidery
- Thread: crewel uses wool, while regular embroidery usually uses six-strand cotton floss.
- Fabric: crewel needs sturdy fabric such as linen twill to support the thicker wool.
- Needle: crewel uses a chenille or crewel needle with a large eye.
- Look: crewel is softer, fuzzier and more textured, with a raised, matte finish.
Common Crewel Embroidery Stitches
- Long-and-short stitch: blends colors in leaves and petals
- Stem stitch: stems, outlines and curling tendrils
- Chain stitch: bold outlines and fills
- Satin stitch: small solid shapes
- French knots: flower centers and texture
- Trellis couching: a lattice pattern used to fill large leaves
What Do You Need for Crewel Embroidery?
- Crewel wool in several shades of each color
- Linen twill or a heavy, tightly woven linen
- Chenille or crewel needles (size 18–24)
- A sturdy hoop or a slate frame
- A crewel design or kit (recommended for beginners)
Tips for Beginners
- Use shorter lengths of wool, about 15 inches, because wool wears as it passes through the fabric.
- Keep stitch tension relaxed so the wool stays fluffy.
- Work shading from light to dark for smooth color transitions.
- Start with a kit that includes fabric, wool and a printed design.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can you do crewel embroidery with cotton floss?
You can stitch crewel-style designs with floss, but true crewel embroidery uses wool. Floss gives a flatter, shinier look.
Is crewel embroidery hard?
No. It uses common embroidery stitches. The wool is actually forgiving because it fills space quickly.
What is Jacobean crewel embroidery?
It's a 17th-century English style with large, fantastical leaves, flowers and birds, often stitched in shades of green, blue and gold.
How do you wash crewel embroidery?
Hand-wash gently in cool water with wool-safe detergent, or dry-clean. Don't wring it, and dry it flat.
Explore the Texture of Wool
Crewel embroidery adds warmth and depth that cotton floss can't match. Try a small floral kit to start. Learn more in what is embroidery and how to satin stitch.
Love embroidered texture? Browse our embroidered sweatshirts and personalized embroidered gifts.
